Uso de fármacos durante el embarazo

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2018.v18n2.11

Palabras clave:

Embarazo, Fármacos, Teratógenos, Categoría de riesgo

Resumen

La información sobre seguridad de fármacos en la gestación es abundante, pero existe poca evidencia científica, por razones éticas muy pocos ensayos clínicos se han realizado y publicado. Todo esto ha traído como consecuencia que se sobredimensione el peligro de los fármacos en el embarazo, limitando su uso razonable en enfermedades crónicas de gestantes, y, en el otro extremo, que se prescriba la medicación libremente desconociendo el verdadero riesgo que implica administrarlos en el momento y en la dosis inadecuada. La presente revisión describe la manera en que los cambios fisiológicos en el embarazo modifican considerablemente la farmacocinética de la medicación. Se evalúa el verdadero riesgo potencial de teratogénesis de los fármacos, los criterios específicos para considerarlos como factor etiológico. Se comenta la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos estadounidense (FDA, por sus siglas en inglés), los criterios de su clasificación, sus limitaciones, su limitada vigencia actual y la propuesta de nuevas reglas para etiquetar los fármacos en donde considera evaluación clínica, exposición inadvertida y riesgo disponible. Se realiza la descripción de los riesgos de la medicación de más frecuente uso en las patologías más comunes en el embarazo. Se comenta la correcta manera de informar a la paciente expuesta a supuestos teratógenos, con la finalidad de no afectar la percepción del riesgo. Hay que considerar que los fármacos prescritos con mayor frecuencia se pueden administrar con relativa seguridad durante el embarazo, indicando los que sean estrictamente necesarios, restringiéndolos en el primer trimestre, prefiriendo los de seguridad comprobada, utilizando la menor dosis eficaz durante el menor tiempo posible, evitando utilizar varios fármacos y vigilando sus efectos colaterales y complicaciones.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Reviewer guidance: evaluating the risks of drug exposure in human pregnancies.

Niebyl J, Weber R, and Briggs G. Drugs and Environmental Agents in Pregnancy and Lactation: Teratology, Epidemiology. En: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR. Niebyl, Simpson JL,et al, editores. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies.7ma ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017, p.136-158

Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Honein MA. Use of over-the-counter medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3):771-7.

Lockwood C, Magriples U. Initial prenatal assessment and first trimester prenatal care. 2014, UpToDate, Waltham, MA[online] Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-prenatal-assessment-and-first-trimester-prenatal

Pietrantoni M. Intoxicaciones durante el embarazo. In: Gleicher. Tratamiento de las complicaciones clínicas del embarazo. 3ª ed. Buenos Aires. Panamericana. 2000: 343- 360

Cuéllar, Santiago, Núñez Manuel y Raposo, Carlos. Uso de medicamentos en embarazo. En: Administración de medicamentos en circunstancias especiales. Ed. Barcelona. 2000, p.2-44. Disponible en: http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/genetica/medicamentos_y_embarazo.pdf

Clayton-Smith J, Donnai D. Human malformations. En: Rimoin DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, editores. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics. 3ra ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996, p. 383

Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Blom SL, Haulth JC, Gilstrap LC, Wenstrom KD. Obstetricia de Williams. 24th ed. Mexico: McGraw Hill; 2015. p240-255

McKeigue PM, Lamm SH, Linn S, Kutcher JS. Bendectin and birth defects: I. A meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies. Teratology. 1994;50(1):27-37.

Orueta Sánchez R, López Gil MJ. Manejo de fármacos durante el embarazo. Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud. 2011; 35 (4): 107-113.

FDA/CDER SBIA CHRONICLES. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: Improved Benefit-Risk Information. Disponible en. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Development ApprovalProcess/SmallBusinessAssistance/UCM431132.pdf

Gee RE, Wood SF, Schubert KG. Women's health, pregnancy, and the US Food and Drug Administration. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(1):161-5.

Pannone R, Cabrera S, Sosa L. Fármacos en el embarazo y la lactancia. Sitio medico [online] http://www.sitiomedico.org/artnac/2002/06/32.htm

Agirrezabala JR. Medicamentos y embarazo: motivos de consulta frecuentes. INFAC. España. 2005;13(1):1-6. Disponible en: http://www.osakidetza.euskadi.net/

Magee LA, Mazzotta P, Koren G. Evidence-based view of safety and effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5):S256-S61.

Seto A, Einarson T, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to antihistamines: meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14(03):119-24.

Ruigómez A, Rodriguez LAG, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon MG, Agostinis L, Wallander M-A, et al. Use of cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes. . Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(5):476-81.

Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of proton-pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(22):2114-23.

www.reprotox.org (Accessed on September 20, 2012).

Lin KJ, Mitchell AA, Yau WP, et al. Safety of macrolides during pregnancy. Am J ObstetGynecol 2013; 208:221.e1.

Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, et al. Antibiotics potentially used in response to bioterrorism and the risk of major congenital malformations. PaediatrPerinatEpidemiol 2009; 23:18.

Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, et al. Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood--time to rebuild its reputation? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:367

Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer SM, Gideon PS, et al. Antibiotics potentially used in response to bioterrorism and the risk of major congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23(1):18-28.

Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, McGready R, Paris DH. Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood–time to rebuild its reputation?. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(3):367-82.

Bar-Oz B, Moretti ME, Boskovic R, O’Brien L, Koren G. The safety of quinolones—a meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;143(2):75-8.

Hernández-Díaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(22):1608-14.

Hernández-Díaz S, Werler M, Walker A, Mitchell A. Neural tube defects in relation to use of folic acid antagonists during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(10):961.

Forna F, McConnell M, Kitabire FN, Homsy J, Mermin J, Weidle PJ. Systematic review of the safety of trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis in HIV-infected pregnant women: implications for resource-limited settings. AIDS Rev. 2006; 8(1):24-36.

Yau W-P, Mitchell AA, Lin KJ, Werler MM, Hernandez-Diaz S. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(2):198-208.

Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, Berry RJ, Hobbs CA, Hu DJ. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(11):978-85.

Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Romøren M, Koren G. Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;121(2, PART 1):306-13.

Ho P-l, Yip K-S, Chow K-H, Lo JY, Que T-L, Yuen K-y. Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause acute uncomplicated cystitis in women in Hong Kong: a prospective multicenter study in 2006 to 2008 Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;66(1):87-93.

Rodríguez-Baño J, Alcalá JC, Cisneros JM, Grill F, Oliver A, Horcajada JP, et al. Community infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(17):1897-902.

Caro-Patón T, Carvajal A, de Diego IM, Martín-Arias LH, Requejo AA, Pinilla ER. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44(2):179-82.

Koss CA, Baras D, Lane SD, Aubry R, Marcus M, Markowitz LE, et al. Investigation of Metronidazole Use during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012; 56(9): 4800–4805.

Brees Mark H, Berkow Robert. Manual Merck; 1999:2028- 2033.

Molins A. Antiepileptic drugs in the elderly, pregnant women, children and in systemic disorders. Rev Neurology. 2000; 30(9): 865-872.

ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 92, April 2008. Use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111:1001.

Campbell E, Kennedy F, Russell A, Smithson W, Parsons L, Morrison P, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(9): 1029-34.

Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JR, Power JB, Koren G, Einarson TR. Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. BMJ. 1998;317(7162):839-43.

Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, Asker C, Källén B. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmaco epidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(11):1203-10.

Liew Z, Ritz B, Rebordosa C, Lee P-C, Olsen J. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(4):313-20.

Thompson JM, Waldie KE, Wall CR, Murphy R, Mitchell EA, Group AS. Associations between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms measured at ages 7 and 11 years. PloS one. 2014;9(9):e108210.

Kristensen DM, Hass U, Lesné L, Lottrup G, Jacobsen PR, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, et al. Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat. Hum Reprod. 2010;26(1):235-44.

Ystrom E, Gustavson K, Brandlistuen RE, Knudsen GP, Magnus P, Susser E, et al. Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and risk of ADHD. Pediatrics.2017:e20163840.

Feldkamp ML, Meyer RE, Krikov S, Botto LD. Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and risk of birth defects: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):109-15.

Nezvalová-Henriksen K, Spigset O, Nordeng H. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;120(8):948-59.

Hernandez RK, Werler MM, Romitti P, Sun L, Anderka M. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among women and the risk of birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(3):228. e1-. e8.

Seto A, Einarson T, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to antihistamines: meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14(03):119-24.

Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology. 2000;62(6):385–392.

Hviid A, Mølgaard-Nielsen D. Corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of orofacial clefts. CMAJ. 2011;183(7):796.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 122:1122.

Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn D, Henderson-Smart DJ. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2): CD002252.

Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Rey E, Ross S, Asztalos E, Murphy KE, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(5):407-17.

Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J. A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(6):981-93.

Molvi SN, Mir S, Rana VS, Jabeen F, Malik AR. Role of antihypertensive therapy in mild to moderate pregnancy- induced hypertension: a prospective randomized study comparing labetalol with alpha methyldopa. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(6):1553-62.

Jasper J, Goel R, Einarson A, Gallo M, Koren G. Effects of framing on teratogenic risk perception in pregnant women. Lancet. 2001;358(9289):1237-8.

##submission.downloads##

Publicado

2018-06-30

Cómo citar

1.
Sandoval Paredes J, Sandoval Paz C. Uso de fármacos durante el embarazo. Horiz Med [Internet]. 30 de junio de 2018 [citado 21 de noviembre de 2024];18(2):71-9. Disponible en: https://aws_horizonte/index.php/horizontemed/article/view/732

Número

Sección

Artículos de revisión